Passive Sentence

PASSIVEEE SENTENCE 

¢  A sentence is written in active sentence when the subject of the sentence performs the action in the sentence.

¢  A sentence is written in Passive Sentence when the subject of the sentence has an action done to it by someone or something else. One can change the normal word order of many active sentences (those with a direct object) so that the subject is no longer active, but is, instead, being acted upon by the verb - or passive.  Note in these examples how the subject-verb relationship has changed. Because the subject is being "acted upon" (or is passive), such sentences are said to be in the passive sentence.

RULES TO REMEMBER  

When rewriting active sentences in passive sentence, note the following:

¢  the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

¢  the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

¢  the subject of the active sentence becomes by Agent in the passive sentence (or is dropped)

¢  Only active sentence containing object which can be changed into passive form

¢  The two forms should have the same tenses

When to Use Passive Sentences

¢  In general, the passive is less direct, less forceful, and less concise than the active voice. 

¢  Use the passive in the following situations:

o   Use passive when you do not know or do not want to reveal the performer of an action.

o   Use passive when you want to emphasize the receiver of an action.

PASSIVE FORM

¢  Simple Present

Once a week, Tom cleans the house.

Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.

¢  Present Continuous

Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.

Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.

¢  Simple Past

Sam repaired the car.

The car was repaired by Sam.

¢  Past Continuous

The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.

The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.

¢  Present Perfect

Many tourists have visited that castle.

That castle has been visited by many tourists.

¢  Present Perfect Continuous

Recently, John has been doing the work.

Recently, the work has been being done by John.

¢  Past Perfect

George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.

Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.

¢  Past Perfect Continuous

Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.

The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.

¢  Simple Future
will

Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.

The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.

¢  Simple Future
be going to

Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.

A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.

¢  Future Continuous
will

At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.

At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.

¢  Future Continuous
be going to

At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.

At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John.

¢  Future Perfect
will

 They will have completed the project before the deadline.

The project will have been completed before the deadline.

¢  Future Perfect
be going to

 They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.

The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.

¢  Future Perfect Continuous
will

The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.

The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.

¢  Future Perfect Continuous
be going to

The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.

The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.

¢  Future in the Past
Would

I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM.

I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.

¢  Future in the Past
Was Going to

 I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.

I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight.

¢  Used to

Jerry used to pay the bills.

The bills used to be paid by Jerry.

¢  Would Always

My mother would always make the pies.

The pies would always be made by my mother.

¢  Present modals

(Active) The boys can eat the pie

(Passive) The pie can be eaten by the boys

¢  Past modals

(Active) The boys could have eaten the pie

(Passive) The pie could have been eaten by the boys

¢  If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:

—  Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.

—  Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence

¢  John  is giving  his girl-friend  a bunch of flower.

            indirect object   direct object

¢  Passive: The indirect object as the subject

John’s girl-friend is being given a bunch of flower

¢  Passive: The direct object as the subject

¢  A bunch of flower  is being given  to John’s girl-friend

Take a look at the followings:

Negative

¢  People don’t use bikes anymore ( active )

¢  Bikes are not used anymore ( passive )

Interrogative

¢  Did the students play the cards in the class yesterday? ( active )

¢  Were the cards played in the class yesterday?

                ( passive )

1. People eat millions of bars of chocolate every day!

Millions of bars of chocolate are eaten  every day!

2. We plant hundreds of trees every year.

 Hundreds of trees are planted  every year.

3.Nowadays people cut down many trees for no reason.

                 Nowadays many tree are cut down for no reason.

making suggestions and requesting something

Making suggestion is a kind of our respond to other people about solution of their problem that is asked to us.  

1) WHAT ABOUT/HOW ABOUT ... + Base form + -ING

What about going to the pictures tonight?

How about going to the pictures tonight?

2) WHY + Negative

Why don't we go to the swimming pool tomorrow?

3) IMPERATIVE: Let's + Base form

Let's go to the restaurant now!

4) COULD

We could visit Paris next week.

Here are some express for making suggestions

● I suggest that …

● I would suggest that …

● My suggestions is …

● What about …?

● Perhaps we should ...

● We’d better/we must …

● A possible solution to your problem is …

Requesting Something is what we say when we want to ask someone to do something for us. 

Expressing Requests

•          Would you mind …, please?

•          Can/Could you …?

•          Will/Would you …?

•          Please …

•          Accepting Requests

•          Sure, I’d be glad/happy to …

•          Of course/Certainly.

•          No problem.

•          Sure. Just a moment.

•          Refusing Requests

•          I’d loved to, but …

•          It sounds great, but …

•          I’m/sorry, but …

•          Sorry to say that …

Example making polite request :

•          Could you open the window for me, please?

•          Would you mind closing the door for us, please?"

•          Can you close the door for me, please?

•          Could you possibly show me the way to the post office, please?

•          Would you help me with this exercise, please?

The responses for that polite request can be

•          Sure.

•          Certainly.

•          Why not

•          With a pleasure.

•          I'd be glad to.

•          I am afraid I can't.

•          I am sorry I can't.

The pattern

•          Would you mind is followed by the verb and -ing.

Complaining and Giving instruction

Giving instruction is an expression that is used in order that order that other person does what we instruct or request, or giving imperative to other people for to do or not to do something, Giving instruction sometimes called comperative/prohibition.

Forms of Giving Instruction

There are two form of giving instruction, those are:

1)     Command

There are some giving instruction in command form that usually we use in the dialy life, those are:

Verb + object

• Examples:
• Watch out, come here.
• Eat your meal.
• Switch off the phone in class.
• Please + verb + object
• Examples:
• Please clean your room now.
• Please wash your hand first.
• Please press the button gently.
• Please read the rules first.
• Please read the direction for use first.

Verb + object + please

• Examples:
• Wash this towel, please.
• Sit down, please.
• Close the window, please.
• Open the door, please.
• Remove the pan from the heat, please.

Be + adjective

• Examples:
• Be yourself.
• Be a good boy/girl.
• Be strong.
• Be happy.
• Be polite.
• Be careful.
• Be gentle.

 2)     Prohibition

There are some giving instruction in prohibition form that usually we use in the dialy life, those are:

Don’t + verb infinitive without to

• Examples:
• Don’t eat the fried chicken in the cupboard.
• Don’t close it!
• Don’t open the door!
• Don’t eat that!
• Don’t approach!
• Don’t disturb me now!
• Don’t touch my hand!

Don’t + be + adjective

• Examples:
• Don’t be noisy.
• Don’t be lazy.
• Don’t + verb + object + please
• Examples:
• Don’t close the window, please.
• Don’t make me sad anymore, please.
• Don’t treat me bad, please.

Would you mind not + verb-ing + object

• Examples:
• Would you mind not reading my diary.
• Would you mind not enter my room.
• Would you mind not use my gadget.

No + verb-ing

• Examples:
• No smoking!
• No swimming!
• No parking.
• No fishing.

There are two parts to giving instructions. What we call Sequencers and then the actions.

sequencers are the words that help order your instructions

It is like the 1, 2, 3, 4 of your actions.

The most common are

First(ly), ...

Then, ...

 Next, ...

After that, ...

Finally, ...

example :

Calculating the standard deviation

First, put the scores in order down the page.
Then, work out the mean.
Now calculate how much each deviates from the mean.
Next , square each of these deviations.
Add them all up.
Now divide by the number of scores.
Lastly find the square root.
This is the standard deviation.

Complaining 

Complaints are expressions of "displeasure or annoyance" in response to an action that is seen by the speaker as unfavorable.

Making a Complain:

Here are useful expressions you can use when complaining:

·         I’m afraid I have to make a serious complaint.

·         Look, I’m sorry to trouble you, but….

·         Excuse me, I’m afraid…

·         Excuse me, there seems to be something wrong with…

·         Excuse me, there appears to be something wrong…

·         I wonder if you could help me…..

·         I’ve got a bit of a problem here, you see……

·         Do you think you could……?

·         I’m sorry to have to say this, but….

·         Would you mind (doing)….?

·         I wish you wouldn’t mind….

·         I do wish you could….

·         Wouldn’t it be a good idea to/ not to….

• I have a complaint to make. ...
• Sorry to bother you but...
• I'm sorry to say this but...
• I'm afraid I've got a complaint about...
• I'm afraid there is a slight problem with...
• Excuse me but there is a problem about...
• I want to complain about...
• I'm angry about...

Responding to complaints

Accepting a Complaint:

·         Oh, I’m sorry about that.

·         I can’t tell you how sorry I am

·         I wish it never happened

·         Oh dear, I’m really sorry

·         I’m so sorry, I didn’t realize

·         I just don’t know how to say.

·         I just don’t know what to say

• I'm so sorry, but this will never occur / happen again.
• I'm sorry, we promise never to do the same mistake again.
• I'm really sorry; we'll do our utmost/best not to do the same mistake again.

Delaying a Complaint

·         I suggest you leave it with us and we’ll see what can be done.

·         I suggest you leave it with us and we’ll see what we can do.

·         I’m afraid the manager/boss isn’t in at the moment. Could you call later?

·         I’m afraid we can’t help you at the moment. Could you leave your contact phone number and address? We will contact you soon.

Rejecting a Complaint

·         Well, I’m afraid there is nothing we can do about it actually.

·         Well, I’m afraid there isn’t much we can do about it.

• Sorry there is nothing we can do about it.
• I'm afraid, there isn't much we can do about it.
• We are sorry but the food is just alright.

Discussion text

      Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. The purpose of the discussion test is to consider a problem or issue from many points of view to assist in gaining a more complete understanding of it, so that decision can be made or a solution devised. In its written form the discussion text often forms a part of other more complex genrex, such as an investigation or scientific report. It often occurs after some initial research, in which case it would normally include a reference list. It may also include explanations and descriptions.

      The basic generic structure of the discussion text consists of four parts:

1. Title: A title is included only if the discussion does not form part of a more 

    complex genre.

2. Introduction: The issue or problem of interest is introduced or discussed.

3. Arguments for and against of variety of views: List of supporting points;

    presenting the point in supporting the presented issue. It also consists of

    list of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the

    supporting point.

4. Conclusion: The discussion usually ends with a summing up which may

    include a decision or recommendation.

Language Features of Discussion text are as follows:

@ Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc

@ Using additive, contrastive, and casual connection; similarly, on the hand,

    however, etc

@ Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc

@ Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc

Below the example of discussion text.

National exam in Pros and Cons

            National exam becomes the hot topic in most of discussions. Though the Supreme Court has rejected an appeal by the go-vernment on the organization of the national exams, the controversy over whether it is necessary to maintainthe national exams (UN) has continued. Some debates include the primary questions such as; does the quality of Indonesia education depend on the national exam?, will the quality of the Indonesian education system worsen without natipnal exam?
           People, who support the national exam explain that the quality of the Indonesia education system will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the current system.
          However there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against this national exam kept in our high school education say that it doesn't need the national exams because the quality of education does not just depend on the national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a small portion of students' competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students' competences throughout the semester.
        In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an instrument to evaluate or detect the level of students' cognitive competence in several subjects, on anational scale.